PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH B3 DI INDONESIA: TINJAUAN REGULASI, TEKNOLOGI, DAN PERAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KEBERLANJUTAN

Abstract

The management of hazardous and toxic waste (B3) in Indonesia remains a complex challenge, particularly in the health and industrial sectors. Although regulations and technical guidelines have been established, their implementation is often inconsistent and hindered by limited infrastructure, weak enforcement, and a lack of technical expertise. This review article synthesizes findings from various studies to analyze the gaps between regulations and practice, while also exploring technological and educational approaches to strengthen waste management systems. Using a descriptive qualitative method and literature analysis, the discussion highlights major obstacles such as insufficient incineration facilities, weak segregation practices, and low compliance with technical standards. At the same time, several successful cases demonstrate that integrated systems, international standards, and collaborative partnerships can improve efficiency and accountability in hazardous waste management. Furthermore, the role of education, particularly blended learning in environmental engineering courses, is emphasized as an essential factor in preparing competent human resources. The review concludes that a holistic strategy combining preventive and curative approaches, technological innovation, regulatory consistency, and capacity building is crucial to achieve effective, safe, and sustainable hazardous waste management in Indonesia